Although I try to be multidisciplinary I honestly don't know much about the winners in Literature, Chemistry, Physics, or Medicine and have had very little time to look into it. What I have been able to uncover is that the Medicine and Chemistry prizes seem to fall under the broad field of Bio-Medical Sciences and the Physics prize is for two extremely important inventions/discoveries for the information technology revolution. These are two of the most important current areas of scientific research, so that seems to make sense. The prize in Literature was given to a German-Romanian poet who criticized Nicolae Ceausescu's Communist government. She receives a thumbs up from me.
I have addressed the ridiculousness of Barack Obama's Nobel Peace Prize in other places and after talking to other people (most of whom have had agreed with me) I have cooled down considerably. To be honest, he has handled it quite well and the conservatives who think he should turn down the prize are out of their minds. That wouldn't help anyone.
More importantly, the Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel. Technically it is not a Nobel Prize because it wasn't in Nobel's will but that isn't really his fault and times change.
Oliver Williamson was not, contrary to what many people believe (see Felix Salmon for example; by the way he's totally wrong about Fama) a crazy long shot. Of course it's impossible to know who would win with so many candidates and I wouldn't have bet on him but it's obvious that many people gave him a fair shot to win it considering his contribution, citations, age, and the present economic and political climate. He did a lot of seminal work on the "boundaries of the firm" and developed the "transaction cost" theory of the firm following on the work of Coase. This is a really interesting area and one in which I'd like to do research if I end up going to graduate school in Economics.
The interesting part of it all is Elinor Ostrom. It's made even more interesting by the fact that she is associated with ASU, not with the Economics department but rather with the School of Human Evolution and Social Change (a school that includes majors in Anthropology, Applied Mathematics, and Global Health).
My theory is that sharing prizes is in vogue nowadays because so many people "deserve the prize". The selection of Ostrom reflects the Scandinavian liberal bias that wanted both a woman and someone who is "not an economist" in these times of distrust towards mainstream economists. This is the same bias that was the reason Obama was selected against proper judgement and it is basically a political statement.
Regardless I think she is a respectable scholar in an under appreciated field (based on what little I know about her). Basically she is a political scientist by training and is part of the Bloomington (Indiana University) School of Public Choice in political economy. This is contrasted with the Rochester School of Public Choice and Virginia-style political economy that are the other two key places for this kind of research. It seems that much of her research has focused on Institutional Analysis and non-market solutions to the Tragedy of the Commons.
She also appears to be libertarian-leaning with her research and her personal views given this strong vote of confidence from Pete Boetke, an ardent libertarian and Austrian Economist. This is good and probably not what the Swedes were expecting. The same goes for Williamson. While they don't necessarily fit into the mainstream of economic thought, they aren't socialists either. They recognize that while markets don't always work best, governments certainly don't either. More on this later. Here is some links:
Press Conference (this is pretty good; some highlights: "as an undergraduate, I took almost as much economics as political science", "forgive me for saying so but a lot of people are looking at you and are just thinking, 'boy you look like a sweet little grandma'")
Information for the Public - basic analysis of their work and why they were awarded the prize
Scientific Background - More advanced; compiled by the committee that selects the winners